ויקיפדיה

קובץ:Herbert Marshall & Miriam Hopkins - Trouble in Paradise publicity shot.jpg

Herbert_Marshall_&_Miriam_Hopkins_-_Trouble_in_Paradise_publicity_shot.jpg ‏(480 × 559 פיקסלים, גודל הקובץ: 49 ק"ב, סוג MIME‏: image/jpeg)

ויקישיתוף זהו קובץ שמקורו במיזם ויקישיתוף. תיאורו בדף תיאור הקובץ המקורי (בעברית) מוצג למטה.
מקורו של קובץ זה בוויקישיתוף

תקציר

תיאור

Publicity photo of actors Herbert Marshall and Miriam Hopkins, intended to promote the 1932 film, Trouble in Paradise

Other information
If the image was copyrighted, the copyright would have had to have been renewed in 1960 (28 years after publication, as stated by the 1909 Copyright Act, which was law until 1978). Searches at The United States Copyright Office provide no indication that this publicity photograph was copyrighted or renewed by 1960.
תאריך יצירה
מקור

Original publication: released to the press by the studio

Immediate source: original photo
יוצר

Paramount Studios Publicity Department

(Life time: n/a)
אישורים והיתרים
(שימוש חוזר בקובץ זה)
English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote an actor.
  • As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.):
    "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
  • Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes:
    "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
  • Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes:
    "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
  • Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that:
    "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Copyright expired because the work was published without a copyright notice and/or without the necessary copyright registration.

רישיון

Public domain
This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1929 and 1963, and although there may or may not have been a copyright notice, the copyright was not renewed. For further explanation, see Commons:Hirtle chart and the copyright renewal logs. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (70 years p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 years p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 years p.m.a.), Mexico (100 years p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 years p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties.

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