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שורה 3:
Un parchemin est une peau d'animal, généralement de mouton, parfois de chèvre ou de veau, qui est apprêtée spécialement pour servir de support à l'écriture. Par extension, il en est venu à désigner aussi tout document écrit sur ce type de support. Il peut aussi être utilisé en peinture, en reliure, dans la facture instrumentale de certains instruments (tambours, grosses caisses) et dans la gainerie d'ameublement.
Succédant au papyrus, principal médium de l'écriture en Occident jusqu'au viie siècle, le parchemin a été abondamment utilisé durant tout le Moyen Âge pour les manuscrits et les chartes, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit à son tour détrôné par le papier. Son usage persista par la suite de façon plus restreinte, à cause de son coût très élevé.
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.
It may be called animal membrane by libraries and museums that wish to avoid distinguishing between "parchment" and the more-restricted term vellum (see below).
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Parchment and vellum
Today the term "parchment" is often used in non-technical contexts to refer to any animal skin, particularly goat, sheep or cow, that has been scraped or dried under tension. The term originally referred only to the skin of sheep and, occasionally, goats. The equivalent material made from calfskin, which was of finer quality, was known as vellum (from the Old French velin or vellin, and ultimately from the Latin vitulus, meaning a calf);[1] while the finest of all was "uterine vellum", taken from a calf foetus or stillborn calf.
Some authorities have sought to observe these distinctions strictly: for example, lexicographer Samuel Johnson in 1755, and master calligrapher Edward Johnston in 1906.[2] However, when old books and documents are encountered it may be difficult, without scientific analysis, to determine the precise animal origin of a skin either in terms of its species, or in terms of the animal's age.[3] In practice, therefore, there has long been considerable blurring of the boundaries between the different terms. In 1519, William Horman wrote in his Vulgaria: "That stouffe that we wrytte upon, and is made of beestis skynnes, is somtyme called parchement, somtyme velem, somtyme abortyve, somtyme membraan."[4] In Shakespeare's Hamlet (written c. 1599–1602) the following exchange occurs:
Hamlet. Is not parchment made of sheepskins?
Horatio. Ay, my lord, and of calves' skins too.[5]
Lee Ustick, writing in 1936, commented that:
To-day the distinction, among collectors of manuscripts, is that vellum is a highly refined form of skin, parchment a cruder form, usually thick, harsh, less highly polished than vellum, but with no distinction between skin of calf, or sheep, or of goat.[6]
It is for these reasons that many modern conservators, librarians and archivists prefer to use either the broader term "parchment", or the neutral term "animal membrane".[7][8]
Musique
Le parchemin est aussi employé comme renfort et table d'harmonie dans certains instruments de musique à cordes et comme membrane (surface de vibration) pour les instruments de percussions ; les velins sont aussi employés. Exemples :
luths : rabâb (chèvre), sarod (mouton), târ (veau ou taureau), ekonting (chèvre), shamisen (chien et chat), rawap (reptile), etc.
vièles : sarangi (mouton), esraj (mouton), dilruba (mouton), sarinda (mouton), sorud (mouton), kamânche (chèvre), erhu (reptile), etc.
cithares : qanûn, etc.
harpes : kora, saung, etc.
tambours : djembé (chèvre, antilope, zèbre), darbouka (chèvre ou poisson), daf (mouton), tablâ (mouton et chameau), mridang (mouton et buffle), tambourin (sur cadre) (mouton), kanjira (reptile), taiko (vache), etc.
DNA testing
An article published in 2009 by Timothy L. Stinson considered the possibilities of tracing the origin of medieval parchment manuscripts and codices through DNA analysis. The methodology would employ polymerase chain reaction to replicate a small DNA sample to a size sufficiently large for testing. A 2006 study had revealed the genetic signature of several Greek manuscripts to have "goat-related sequences". It might be possible to use these techniques to determine whether related library materials were made from genetically related animals (perhaps from the same herd).[24]
[[קובץ:The Blue Qur'an - 2 - Qur'anic Manuscript.jpg|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|דף מהקוראן הכחול ב[[כתב כופי]] על קלף צבוע ב[[אינדיגו]] נהמאה ה-10. במקור מהספריה הגדולה ב[[קירואן]] שרידים שמורים במוזיאון לאומנות איסלמית ב[[תוניס]]]]
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