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מחשוב – הבדלי גרסאות

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שורה 2:
 
תחום המחשוב עשוי לכלול את התכנון והפיתוח של מערכות התוכנה (ובפרט [[אלגוריתם|אלגוריתמים]]) ומערכות חומרה עבור מגוון רחב של מטרות. מחשוב הוא מרכיב אינטגרלי וחשוב במיוחד בטכנולוגיה התעשייתית המודרנית. תחומי המחשוב העיקריים כוללים [[הנדסת מחשבים]], [[הנדסת תוכנה]], [[מדעי המחשב]], [[מערכות מידע]] ו[[טכנולוגיית מידע]].
 
== ציר זמן ==
{{#tag:timeline|
Preset = TimeHorizontal_AutoPlaceBars_UnitYear
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PlotArea = left:15 right:20 bottom:30
 
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id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:grid1 value:gray(0.7)
id:grid2 value:gray(0.88)
id:black value:rgb(0,0,0)
id:section value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0)
id:mark1 value:rgb(0.7,0,0)
id:years value:gray(0.5)
 
BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas
 
Period = from:1940 till:{{CURRENTYEAR}}
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1940 gridcolor:grid1
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1940 gridcolor:grid2
AlignBars = justify
 
BarData=
 
bar:title
# bar:periods
bar:dummy0 # empty bar functions as separator
# bar:section1
# barset:quotes
# bar:dummy1
bar:section2
barset:first_use
bar:dummy2
bar:section3
barset:hardware_systems
bar:dummy3
bar:section4
barset:operating_systems
bar:dummy4
bar:section5
barset:sys_dev_software
bar:dummy5
bar:section6
barset:applications
bar:dummy6
 
 
# explanation: attribute 'barset' instead of 'bar' means consecutive data lines are automatically placed on new bar
# data lines are lines containing at: or from: & till: attributes
# 'barset:break' means 'reset barcounter' = next line will be placed at first bar in barset
# 'barset:skip' means 'increment barcounter' = skip one bar for next data line (to allow extra space
# for text containing line break = ~)
 
PlotData =
 
mark:(line,black)
width:16
fontsize:S
 
# bar:periods
# from:1964 till:1972 text:"3rd Generation" width:16"
 
# at:1975 text"[[Microsoft]] founded"
# at:1976 text"[[Apple Computer]] founded"
# at:1983 text"[[Borland]] founded"
 
 
fontsize:M
width:16
color:section
mark:(line,section)
shift:(5,-6)
 
bar:title from:start till:end text:"בושחמה לש הירוטסיה" fontsize:XL anchor:middle align:center width:25 color:canvas mark:(line,canvas)
bar:section2 from:start till:end text:"First use/(Inventions)"
bar:section3 from:start till:end text:"Hardware Systems/(Processors)"
bar:section4 from:start till:end text:"Operating Systems"
bar:section5 from:start till:end text:"Programming Languages"
bar:section6 from:start till:end text:"New Application Areas"
 
shift:(5,-5)
fontsize:M
mark:(line,mark1)
 
# first use / (inventions)
 
fontsize:M
barset:first_use
shift:(5,-5)
at:1940 text:"[[teletype]]"
at:1946 text:"[[Williams tube|electrostatic memory]]"
at:1947 text:"([[transistor]])"
at:1948 text:"[[RAM|random access memory]]"
at:1948 text:"[[magnetic drum]]"
at:1949 text:"[[index registers|registers]]"
at:1953 text:"[[magnetic core memory]]"
at:1956 text:"[[hard disk]]"
at:1957 text:"[[dot matrix printer]]"
at:1958 text:"[[integrated circuit]]"
at:1959 text:"[[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]]"
barset:break
at:1962 text:"[[spooling]]"
at:1962 text:"[[interrupts]]"
at:1962 text:"[[virtual memory]]"
at:1962 text:"[[paging]]"
at:1963 text:"[[computer mouse|mouse]]"
at:1965 text:"[[time-sharing]]"
at:1965 text:"[[fuzzy logic]]"
at:1965 text:"[[packet switching]]"
at:1969 text:"[[ARPANET]]"
at:1969 text:"[[RS-232]]"
barset:break
at:1970 text:"[[dynamic RAM]]"
at:1971 text:"[[floppy disk]]"
at:1971 text:"[[microprocessor]]~(4004)"
barset:skip
at:1972 text:"[[game console]]~([[Magnavox Odyssey]])"
barset:skip
at:1973 text:"[[ethernet]]"
at:1973 text:"[[touchscreen]]"
at:1974 text:"[[TCP/IP]]"
at:1975 text:"[[single-board computer]]"
at:1976 text:"[[laser printer]]"
at:1976 text:"[[supercomputer]]"
at:1979 text:"[[compact disk]]"
at:1979 text:"[[VMEbus]]"
barset:break
at:1981 text:"[[Industry_standard_architecture|ISA]] bus"
at:1981 text:"[[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]] video card"
at:1981 text:"[[Hayes Smartmodem|Smartmodem]]"
at:1982 text:"[[MIDI]]"
at:1982 text:"[[RISC]] CPU"
at:1982 text:"portable PC"
at:1982 text:"[[Multi-touch|Multi-touch technology]]"
at:1983 text:"math~[[coprocessor]]"
barset:skip
at:1983 text:"PC harddisk"
at:1984 text:"[[Domain Name System|DNS]] (Domain~Name Server)"
barset:skip
at:1984 text:"[[Advanced Technology Attachment|IDE]] interface"
at:1985 text:"[[Expanded Memory]]"
at:1985 text:"[[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]] video card"
at:1985 text:"[[CD ROM]]"
at:1986 text:"[[Parallel ATA|ATA]] interface"
at:1986 text:"[[SCSI]] interface"
at:1986 text:"[[Personal digital assistant]]"
barset:break
at:1987 text:"massive parallel computing~([[Connection Machine]])"
barset:skip
at:1987 text:"[[VGA]] video card"
at:1987 text:"[[sound card]] for PC (AD-LIB)"
at:1988 text:"optical chip"
at:1988 text:"[[Extended Industry Standard Architecture|EISA]] bus"
at:1990 text:"[[SVGA]] video card,~[[VESA]] driver"
barset:skip
at:1991 text:"[[PCMCIA]]"
at:1992 text:"CD-I"
at:1993 text:"[[Conventional PCI|PCI]] bus"
at:1994 text:"[[Smartphone]]"
at:1994 text:"[[DNA computing]]"
at:1994 text:"[[Beowulf (computing)|Beowulf]] cluster"
at:1995 text:"[[IEEE 1394 interface|Firewire]]"
at:1995 text:"[[USB]]"
at:1995 text:"[[DVD-ROM]]"
at:1997 text:"[[Accelerated Graphics Port|AGP]]"
at:1998 text:"[[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]]"
barset:break
at:2001 text:"[[Blade server|Blade servers]]"
at:2003 text:"[[Serial ATA]]"
at:2004 text:"[[PCI Express]]"
at:2004 text:"[[Onion routing]]~([[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]])"
barset:break
at:2009 text:"[[Cryptocurrency]]"
at:2013 text:"[[Docker (software)|Docker]]"
 
# Hardware systems and processors
 
barset:hardware_systems
at:1940 text:"Model I~Relay Calculator"
barset:skip
at:1941 text:"[[Atanasoff–Berry Computer]]"
at:1941 text:"[[Z3_(computer)|Z3]]"
at:1943 text:"[[Harvard Mark I]]"
at:1943 text:"Relay Interpolator"
at:1943 text:"[[Colossus_computer|Colossus]]"
at:1946 text:"[[ENIAC]]"
at:1948 text:"[[IBM SSEC]]"
at:1948 text:"[[Small-Scale Experimental Machine|Manchester SSEM]]"
at:1949 text:"[[Manchester Mark 1]]"
at:1951 text:"[[Ferranti Mark 1]]~first commercial computer"
barset:skip
at:1951 text:"[[LEO (computer)|LEO I]] - first business computer"
at:1951 text:"[[UNIVAC I]]"
at:1951 text:"[[Whirlwind (computer)|Whirlwind]]"
at:1952 text:"[[UNIVAC 1101]]"
at:1952 text:"[[IBM 701]]"
barset:break
at:1953 text:"[[Strela computer|Strela]]"
at:1954 text:"[[IBM 650]]"
at:1954 text:"[[IBM 704]]"
at:1955 text:"[[Harwell CADET]]"
at:1956 text:"[[IBM 305 RAMAC]]"
at:1957 text:"[[IBM 608]]"
at:1958 text:"[[UNIVAC II]]"
at:1958 text:"[[AN/FSQ-7]] - largest~computers ever built"
barset:skip
at:1959 text:"[[IBM 1401]]"
at:1960 text:"[[PDP-1|DEC PDP-1]]"
at:1960 text:"[[CDC 1604]]"
at:1961 text:"[[IBM 7030 Stretch]]"
at:1962 text:"[[ATLAS computer|ATLAS]]"
at:1962 text:"[[ReserVec]]"
at:1963 text:"[[PDP-6|DEC PDP-6]]"
at:1964 text:"[[IBM 360]]"
at:1964 text:"[[PDP-8|DEC PDP-8]]"
barset:break
at:1965 text:"[[CDC 6600]]~1st supercomputer"
barset:skip
at:1966 text:"[[BESM|BESM-6]]"
at:1968 text:"[[PDP-10|DEC PDP-10]]"
at:1970 text:"[[Datapoint 2200]]"
at:1970 text:"[[PDP-11|DEC PDP-11]]"
at:1971 text:"electronic~calculator TI"
barset:skip
at:1971 text:"([[Intel_4004|4004]])"
at:1972 text:"scientific~calculator HP"
barset:skip
at:1972 text:"([[Intel_8008|8008]])"
at:1972 text:"1st 32-bit~ supermini"
barset:skip
at:1974 text:"([[Intel_8080|8080]])"
at:1974 text:"([[Motorola 6800|MC 6800]])"
barset:break
at:1975 text:"[[Altair 8800]]~1st personal~computer"
barset:skip
barset:skip
at:1976 text:"([[Zilog Z80|Z80]])"
at:1976 text:"([[MOS Technologies 6502|6502]])"
at:1976 text:"[[Cray-1]]"
at:1976 text:"[[Apple I]]"
at:1977 text:"[[Commodore PET|PET]]"
at:1977 text:"[[VAX-11|DEC VAX-11]]"
at:1977 text:"[[Apple II]]"
at:1977 text:"[[TRS-80]]"
at:1978 text:"(8086)"
at:1979 text:"([[Motorola 68000|MC68000]])"
barset:break
at:1980 text:"[[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]]"
at:1980 text:"[[ZX80]]"
at:1980 text:"[[Apple III]]"
at:1981 text:"[[8010 Star|8010~Star]]"
barset:skip
at:1981 text:"[[ZX81]]"
at:1981 text:"IBM PC"
at:1982 text:"[[BBC Micro]]"
at:1982 text:"[[Commodore 64|C64]]"
at:1982 text:"(80286)"
at:1982 text:"Compaq~Portable"
barset:skip
at:1982 text:"[[ZX Spectrum| ~ZX Spectrum]]"
barset:skip
at:1983 text:"[[Apple IIe]]"
at:1983 text:"[[Apple Lisa|Lisa]]"
at:1983 text:"[[IBM XT]]"
at:1983 text:"IBM PC jr"
barset:break
at:1984 text:"[[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]"
at:1984 text:"LaserJet printer"
at:1984 text:"[[IBM AT]]"
at:1984 text:"([[MIPS architecture|MIPS R2000]])"
at:1985 text:"[[Atari ST]]"
at:1985 text:"[[Commodore Amiga]]"
at:1986 text:"Amstrad 1512"
at:1986 text:"([[ARM architecture|ARM2]])"
at:1987 text:"[[Acorn Archimedes]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Connection Machine]]"
at:1987 text:"[[IBM PS/2]]"
at:1989 text:"(80486)"
barset:break
at:1993 text:"(66MHz~Pentium)"
barset:skip
at:1998 text:"[[iMac]]"
at:1999 text:"PowerMac"
barset:break
at:2000 text:"(1GHz Pentium)"
at:2001 text:"([[POWER4]]) (dual core)"
at:2001 text:"([[Itanium]])"
at:2003 text:"([[PowerPC 970|PowerPC G5]])"
at:2003 text:"([[Athlon 64]])"
at:2006 text:"([[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell]])"
barset:break
at:2010 text:"[[iPad]]"
at:2011 text:"Kindle~Fire"
 
# major or well known operating systems selection based on
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems_timeline
 
barset:operating_systems
at:1955 text:"GM Research~ OS for the~ IBM 701"
barset:skip
barset:skip
at:1956 text:"[[GM-NAA I/O]]"
at:1958 text:"[[University of Michigan Executive System|UMES]]"
at:1959 text:"[[SHARE Operating System|SHARE]]"
barset:break
at:1960 text:"[[IBSYS]]"
at:1961 text:"[[CTSS]]"
at:1961 text:"[[Burroughs MCP]]"
at:1962 text:"[[General Comprehensive Operating System|GECOS]]"
at:1964 text:"[[Dartmouth Time Sharing System|DTSS]]"
at:1964 text:"[[TOPS-10]]"
at:1965 text:"[[OS/360]]"
at:1965 text:"[[Multics]]"
at:1967 text:"[[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]]"
at:1967 text:"[[Michigan Terminal System|MTS]]"
at:1967 text:"[[CP/CMS]]"
at:1967 text:"[[WAITS]]"
at:1969 text:"[[Airline Control Program|ACP]]"
at:1969 text:"[[TOPS-20|TENEX/TOPS-20]]"
at:1969 text:"[[Unix]]"
barset:break
at:1970 text:"[[RT-11]]"
at:1970 text:"[[RSTS-11]]"
at:1972 text:"[[VM/CMS]]"
at:1974 text:"[[MVS]]"
at:1976 text:"[[CP/M operating system|CP/M]]"
at:1978 text:"[[Apple DOS|Apple DOS 3.1]]"
at:1978 text:"[[Virtual Memory System|VMS]]"
at:1980 text:"[[OS-9]]"
at:1981 text:"[[MS-DOS]]"
barset:break
at:1982 text:"[[SunOS]]"
at:1983 text:"[[Apple Lisa|Lisa OS]]"
at:1983 text:"[[UNIX System V]]"
at:1984 text:"[[Mac OS history|Macintosh OS]]"
at:1984 text:"[[GNU|GNU project]]"
at:1985 text:"[[AmigaOS]]"
at:1985 text:"[[Atari TOS]]"
at:1985 text:"[[Windows 1.0]]"
at:1986 text:"[[Mach]]"
at:1986 text:"[[AIX operating system|AIX]]"
at:1986 text:"[[Apple IIgs|GS-OS]]"
at:1986 text:"[[HP-UX]]"
at:1987 text:"[[IRIX]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Minix]]"
at:1987 text:"[[OS/2]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Windows 2.0]]"
at:1987 text:"[[RISC OS]]"
barset:break
at:1988 text:"[[OS/400]]"
at:1988 text:"[[POSIX]] Standard"
at:1989 text:"[[NEXTSTEP|NeXTSTEP]]"
at:1989 text:"[[SCO UNIX|SCO Unix]]"
at:1990 text:"[[BeOS]]"
at:1990 text:"[[OSF/1]]"
at:1991 text:"[[Linux]] kernel"
at:1992 text:"[[Solaris Operating Environment|Solaris]]"
at:1992 text:"[[Windows 3.1x|Windows 3.1]]"
at:1992 text:"[[OS/2|OS/2 2.0]]"
at:1992 text:"[[SLS Linux]]"
at:1992 text:"[[UnixWare]]"
at:1993 text:"[[Windows NT|Windows NT 3.1]]"
at:1993 text:"[[Slackware|Slackware Linux]]"
at:1993 text:"[[Debian|Debian GNU/Linux]]"
at:1994 text:"[[Red Hat Linux]]"
barset:break
at:1995 text:"[[OpenBSD]]"
at:1995 text:"[[OS/390]]"
at:1995 text:"[[Windows 95]]"
at:1996 text:"[[MkLinux]]"
at:1996 text:"[[SUSE Linux]]"
at:1997 text:"[[Mac OS history|Mac OS 7.6]]"
at:1997 text:"[[Symbian]]"
at:1998 text:"[[Windows 98]]"
at:1999 text:"[[BlackBerry OS]]"
at:1999 text:"[[Mac OS history|Mac OS 8]]"
at:2000 text:"[[Mac OS history|Mac OS 9]]"
at:2000 text:"[[Windows Me]]"
at:2000 text:"[[Windows 2000]]"
at:2001 text:"[[Mac OS X]]"
at:2001 text:"[[Windows XP]]"
at:2001 text:"[[z/OS]]"
barset:break
at:2002 text:"[[Gentoo Linux]]"
at:2003 text:"[[Windows Server 2003]]"
at:2004 text:"[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]"
at:2007 text:"[[iOS]]"
at:2007 text:"[[Windows Vista]]"
at:2008 text:"[[Android (operating system)|Android]]"
at:2009 text:"[[Windows 7]]"
barset:break
at:2011 text:"[[Chrome OS]]"
at:2012 text:"[[Windows 8]]"
 
# major or well known programming languages & dev tools selection based on
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages
# generally only first versions are listed
 
barset:sys_dev_software
at:1945 text:"[[Plankalkül]]~ (Plan Calculus)"
barset:skip
barset:break
at:1952 text:"[[A-0 System|A-0]]"
at:1954 text:"[[Mark I Autocode|Mark I]]"
at:1957 text:"[[FORTRAN I]]"
at:1958 text:"[[ALGOL 58]]"
at:1958 text:"[[Lisp programming language|LISP]]"
at:1959 text:"[[MAD (programming language)|MAD]]"
barset:break
at:1960 text:"[[COBOL programming language|COBOL]]"
at:1962 text:"[[APL programming language|APL]]"
at:1962 text:"[[Simula]]"
at:1962 text:"[[SNOBOL]]"
at:1964 text:"[[BASIC programming language|BASIC]]"
at:1966 text:"[[FORTRAN 66]]"
at:1967 text:"[[BCPL]]"
at:1968 text:"[[ALGOL 68]]"
at:1968 text:"[[Logo programming language|Logo]]"
at:1969 text:"[[PLI|PL/I]]"
at:1969 text:"[[B (programming language)|B]]"
barset:break
at:1970 text:"[[Pascal programming language|Pascal]]"
at:1970 text:"[[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]"
at:1972 text:"[[Smalltalk programming language|Smalltalk]]"
at:1972 text:"[[C programming language|C]]"
at:1972 text:"[[Prolog]]"
at:1973 text:"[[ML (programming language)|ML]]"
at:1975 text:"[[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]"
at:1977 text:"[[FORTRAN 77]]"
at:1977 text:"[[IDL (programming language)|IDL]]"
at:1978 text:"[[VISICALC]]"
at:1978 text:"[[Modula-2]]"
at:1978 text:"[[SQL]]"
at:1979 text:"[[AWK]]"
at:1979 text:"[[REXX]]"
at:1979 text:"[[DBASE|DBASE-II]]"
barset:break
at:1983 text:"[[Ada programming language|Ada]]"
at:1983 text:"[[C++]]"
at:1983 text:"[[Turbo Pascal]]"
at:1984 text:"[[Common Lisp]]"
at:1985 text:"[[PARADOX programming language|PARADOX]]"
at:1985 text:"[[PostScript]]"
at:1985 text:"[[Caml]]"
at:1986 text:"[[Eiffel programming language|Eiffel]]"
at:1986 text:"[[Objective-C]]"
at:1987 text:"[[HyperCard|HyperTalk]]"
at:1987 text:"[[SQL programming language|SQL]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Perl]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Erlang]]"
at:1987 text:"[[Tcl]]"
at:1988 text:"[[Mathematica]]"
barset:break
at:1990 text:"[[Haskell]]"
at:1991 text:"[[Python programming language|Python]]"
at:1991 text:"[[Visual Basic]]"
at:1993 text:"[[AppleScript]]"
at:1995 text:"[[Delphi programming language|Delphi]]"
at:1995 text:"[[JavaScript]]"
at:1995 text:"[[Java programming language|Java]]"
at:1995 text:"[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]"
at:1996 text:"[[Objective Caml|OCaml]]"
at:1997 text:"[[PHP programming language|PHP]]"
at:1999 text:"[[XSL_Transformations|XSLT]]"
barset:break
at:2000 text:"[[D programming language|D]]"
at:2000 text:"[[C Sharp programming language|C#]]"
at:2000 text:"[[ActionScript]]"
at:2003 text:"[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]"
at:2005 text:"[[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]"
at:2007 text:"[[Go (programming language)|Go]]"
at:2007 text:"[[Clojure]]"
at:2009 text:"[[CoffeeScript]]"
 
# New application areas
 
barset:applications
at:1951 text:"[[CSIRAC|electronic music]]"
barset:break
at:1960 text:"[[compiler compiler]]"
at:1961 text:"[[timesharing]] ([[CTSS]])"
at:1962 text:"[[computer reservations system|flight booking]]"
at:1962 text:"[[Spacewar (video game)|computer game]]"
at:1965 text:"[[Bulletin board system|bulletin board]]"
at:1965 text:"[[email]] ([[CTSS]])"
at:1965 text:"[[CDC 6600|super computing]]"
at:1967 text:"[[Proof assistant]]"
at:1968 text:"interactive computing~(mouse, windows, hypertext,~full screen word processing)"
barset:skip
barset:skip
at:1969 text:"[[ARPANET|networking]]"
barset:break
at:1970 text:"flight data processor"
at:1971 text:"[[Non-linear video editing]]"
at:1972 text:"[[Pong|arcade video game]]"
at:1977 text:"[[Visicalc|spreadsheet]]"
at:1977 text:"[[CATS_(trading_system)|electronic stock market]]"
at:1979 text:"[[Usenet]]"
barset:break
at:1984 text:"[[WYSIWYG]] word~processing"
barset:skip
at:1989 text:"[[World Wide Web]]"
barset:break
at:1993 text:"[[Web search engine]]"
at:1995 text:"[[wiki|wikis]]"
at:1997 text:"[[blog|blogs]]"
at:1997 text:"[[IEEE 802.11|wireless networking]]"
at:1997 text:"[[Video hosting service|online video]]"
 
# extra years
 
mark:(line,grid1)
shift:(2,-8)
fontsize:XS
textcolor:years
at:1940 text:40
at:1950 text:50
at:1960 text:60
at:1970 text:70
at:1980 text:80
at:1990 text:90
at:2010 text:10
shift:(-10,-8)
at:2000 text:2000
bar:dummy2
shift:(2,-8)
at:1940 text:40
at:1950 text:50
at:1960 text:60
at:1970 text:70
at:1980 text:80
at:1990 text:90
at:2010 text:10
shift:(-10,-8)
at:2000 text:2000
bar:dummy3
shift:(2,-8)
at:1940 text:40
at:1950 text:50
at:1960 text:60
at:1970 text:70
at:1980 text:80
at:1990 text:90
at:2010 text:10
shift:(-10,-8)
at:2000 text:2000
bar:dummy4
shift:(2,-8)
at:1940 text:40
at:1950 text:50
at:1960 text:60
at:1970 text:70
at:1980 text:80
at:1990 text:90
at:2010 text:10
shift:(-10,-8)
at:2000 text:2000
bar:dummy5
shift:(2,-8)
at:1940 text:40
at:1950 text:50
at:1960 text:60
at:1970 text:70
at:1980 text:80
at:1990 text:90
at:2010 text:10
shift:(-10,-8)
at:2000 text:2000
 
}}
 
== גלריה ==
אוחזר מתוך "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/מחשוב"