גסטה הונגרורום – הבדלי גרסאות
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שורה 9:
אנונימוס אינו מזכיר את אותם האויבים שההונגרים לחמו בהם לפי המקורות מסביבות שנת 900, וכתב כי ההונגרים נאבקו בשליטים ,שאינם ידועים ממקורות אחרים. אחת ההשערות הנפוצות בקרב ההיסטוריונים ההונגרים לגבי "גסטה הונגרורום" היא כי אונונימוס המציא את שמות האויבים של ההונגרים על בסיס שמות של מקומות גאוגרפיים. .
==רקע==
[[File:Annales Fuldenses - Gesta quorundam francorum regum 715-882.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An old codex| An 11th-century copy of the ''[[Annals of Fulda]]''{{mdash}}an important contemporaneous source of the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]]]]
Although the [[Hungarians]], or [[Magyars]], seem to have used [[Old Hungarian alphabet|their own alphabet]] [[History of Christianity in Hungary|before adopting Christianity in the 11th century]], most information of their early history was recorded by [[List of Muslim historians|Muslim]], [[List of Byzantine scholars|Byzantine]] and Western European authors.{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|pp=53–58, 67–71}} For instance, the ''[[Annals of Fulda]]'', [[Regino of Prüm]]'s ''Chronicon'', and Emperor [[Constantine VII]]'s ''[[De administrando imperio]]'' contain contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous reports of [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|their conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=12}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|pp=53–54, 57}} Among the Hungarians, oral tradition{{mdash}}songs and ballads{{mdash}}preserved the memory of the most important historical events.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=11}}{{sfn|Macartney|1953|p=1}} The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' explicitly stated that the "seven captains" who led the Hungarians during the Conquest "composed lays about themselves and sang them among themselves in order to win worldly renown and to publish their names abroad, so that their posterity might be able to boast and brag to neighbours and friends when these songs were heard".<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 36), p. 100.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=16}}
The ''Gesta Hungarorum'', or ''The Deeds of the Hungarians'', is the first extant Hungarian chronicle.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=15}}{{sfn|Rady|Veszprémy|2010|p=xvii}} Its principal subject is the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, but it also narrates the background and the immediate aftermath of the conquest.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=11}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=58}}{{sfn|Rady|Veszprémy|2010|p=xvii}} Many historians{{mdash}}including [[Carlile Aylmer Macartney]] and [[András Róna-Tas]]{{mdash}}agree that [[Simon of Kéza]]'s chronicle, the ''[[Illuminated Chronicle]]'' and other works composed in the 13th–15th centuries preserved texts which had been written before the completion of the ''Gesta''.{{sfn|Rady|Veszprémy|2010|p=xvii}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=58}} They say that the first "Hungarian Chronicle" was completed in the second half of the 11th century or in the early 12th century.{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=58}}{{sfn|Macartney|1953|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=405}}{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=32}} The existence of this ancient chronicle is proven by later sources.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=30}} One Ricardus's report of a journey of a group of [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]]s in the early 1230s refers to a chronicle, ''The Deeds of the Christian Hungarians'', which contained information of an eastern ''[[Magna Hungaria]]''.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=46}}{{sfn|Macartney|1953|pp=43–44, 85–86}} The ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Illuminated Chronicle]]'' from 1358{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=58}} refers to "the ancient books about the deeds of the Hungarians"<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 82), p. 111.</ref> in connection with the [[History of Christianity in Hungary#Early Middle Ages|pagan uprisings of the 11th century]].{{sfn|Kristó|2002|pp=30–31}} The earliest "Hungarian Chronicle" was expanded and rewritten several times in the 12th–14th centuries, but its content can only be reconstructed based on 14th-century works.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=405}}
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