רשות לונדון רבתי – הבדלי גרסאות
תוכן שנמחק תוכן שנוסף
דף חדש: {{בעבודה}} |
אין תקציר עריכה |
||
שורה 1:
{{בעבודה}}
{{שלטון בבריטניה}}
<!--
The '''Greater London Authority''' ('''GLA''') is the city-wide governing body for [[London]], [[England]]. It consists of a directly elected executive [[Mayor of London]], who is currently [[Ken Livingstone]], and an elected 25-member [[London Assembly]] with scrutiny powers.
-->
==מטרה==<!--
The GLA is responsible for the strategic administration of the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of [[Greater London]]. It shares local government powers with the councils of 32 [[London boroughs]] and the [[City of London Corporation]]. It was created to improve the coordination between the local authorities in Greater London, and the [[Mayor of London]]'s role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic executive such as [[Transport for London]] the [[London Development Agency]]. The primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account by scrutiny of their actions and decisions. The assembly must also accept or amend the Mayor's budget on an annual basis. The GLA is based at [[City Hall (London)|City Hall]], a new building on the south bank of the [[River Thames]], next to [[Tower Bridge]].
The GLA is different from the Corporation of the [[City of London]] with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayors, which controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. While the GLA has a modern constitution, the organisation of the City of London has barely changed since the Middle Ages and is mainly controlled by City business interests.
-->
==רקע להקמה==<!--
{{main|History of local government in London|Greater London Council}}
In [[1986]], the [[Greater London Council]] was abolished by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[Margaret Thatcher]]. Many people have surmised that the decision to abolish the GLC was made because of the existence of a high-spending left-wing [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] administration under [[Ken Livingstone|Livingstone]], although pressure for the abolition of the GLC had arisen before Mr Livingstone took over, and was largely driven by the belief among the outer London [[London Borough|Borough]] councils that they could perform the functions of the GLC just as well.
On abolition, the strategic functions of the GLC transferred to bodies controlled by central government or joint boards nominated by the London Borough councils. Some of the service delivery functions were transferred down to the councils themselves. For the next 14 years there was no single elected body for the whole of London. The Labour Party never supported the abolition of the GLC and made it a policy to re-establish some form of city-wide elected authority.
-->
==הקמת הרשות==<!--
[[Image:Greater London Authority logo.png|thumb|left|The official Greater London Authority logo]]
The Labour party adopted a policy of a single, directly-elected Mayor (a policy first suggested by [[Tony Banks, Baron Stratford|Tony Banks]] in [[1990]]), together with an elected Assembly watching over the Mayor; this model, based on [[United States|American]] cities, was partly aimed at making sure the new body resemble the erstwhile GLC as little as possible. After the Labour party won the [[1997 UK general election|1997 general election]], the policy was outlined in a [[White paper]] entitled ''A Mayor and Assembly for London'' (March [[1998]]).
Simultaneously with the elections to the London Borough councils, a [[London referendum, 1998|referendum]] was held on the establishment of the GLA in May [[1998]], which was approved with 72% of the vote. The [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]] passed through Parliament, receiving the [[Royal Assent]] in October [[1999]]. In a controversial election campaign, the Prime Minister at the time, [[Tony Blair]], attempted to block Livingstone's nomination and imposed his own candidate. In reaction, Livingstone resigned from the Labour party and in March [[2000]], was elected as Mayor of London as an independent candidate. Following an interim period in which the Mayor and Assembly had been elected but had no powers, the GLA was formally established on [[3 July]] [[2000]]. That same year the Art Director Gavin Lester designed the official logo for London.
==Powers and functions==
===Executive bodies===
Areas which the GLA has responsibility for include transport, policing, fire and rescue, development and strategic planning. The GLA does not directly provide any services itself. Instead, its work is carried out by four functional bodies, which come under the GLA umbrella, and work under the policy direction of the Mayor and Assembly. These functional bodies are:
*[[Transport for London]] (TfL) -- Responsible for managing most aspects of London's transport system, including public transport, main roads, and traffic management, and administering the [[London congestion charge]]
*The [[Metropolitan Police Authority]] (MPA) -- Responsible for overseeing the [[Metropolitan Police Service]], which provides policing throughout Greater London
*The [[London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority]] (LFEPA) -- Administers the [[London Fire Brigade]] and co-ordinates emergency planning.
*[[London Development Agency]] (LDA) -- Promotes development across London.
In November [[2005]], the government published a consultation document reviewing the powers of the GLA, making proposals for additional powers, including [[waste authorities in Greater London|waste management]], planning, housing, and learning and skills.<ref>''[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/columnist/story/0,9321,1663371,00.html We can't allow these tin-pot dictators to ruin our capital]''</ref><ref>''[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=4095 Greater London Authority may get a lot more power: ODPM opens consultation]''</ref> The result of the consultation and final proposals were published by the [[Department for Communities and Local Government]] on 13 July 2006.<ref>Communities and Local Government - ''[http://www.communities.gov.uk/citiesandregions/regional/greaterlondonauthority/greaterlondon/ The Greater London Authority: The Government's Final Proposals for Additional Powers and Responsibilities for the Mayor and Assembly]''</ref>
===Planning===
The GLA is responsible for coordinating [[land use planning]] in Greater London. The mayor produces a strategic plan, the "[[London Plan]]". The individual [[London Borough]] councils are legally bound to comply with the plan. The mayor has the power to over-ride planning decisions made by the London Boroughs if they are believed to be against the interests of London as a whole.
===Energy policy===
As of 2006, London generates 42 million tonnes of [[carbon emissions]], 7% of the UK's total. 44% of this comes from housing, 28% from commercial premises, 21% from transport, and 7% from industry.<ref>"[http://www.livingwithclimate.fi/linked/en/Bosteels.pdf London - planning for climate change]", [[London Climate Change Agency]]. URL accessed 20 August 2006.</ref>
The Mayor's energy strategy<ref>"[http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/energy/index.jsp Mayor's Energy Strategy]", [[Mayor of London]]. URL accessed 20 August 2006.</ref> plans to cut carbon emission levels by 20% by [[2010]] and 60% by [[2050]] (although achieving the first of these targets is unlikely). Measures taken to achieve this have included the creation of the [[London Climate Change Agency]], the London Energy Partnership<ref> [http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/partnership-steering-group/index.jsp London Energy Partnership]. URL accessed 20 August 2006.</ref> and the founding of the international [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]].
The London Sustainable Development Commission<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/londonissues/sustainability.jsp London Sustainable Development Commission]. URL accessed 20 August 2006.</ref> has calculated that for housing to meet the 60% target, all new developments would have to be constructed to be carbon-neutral with immediate effect (using [[zero energy building]] techniques), in addition to cutting energy used in existing housing by 40%.
==Political control==
After the [[London Assembly election, 2004|2004 election]]s, Conservatives had the largest representation (nine members) on the Assembly, followed by seven from [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]], five [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], two [[Green Party of England and Wales|Greens]] and two from [[One London]] (elected as [[United Kingdom Independence Party|UKIP]], but subsequently changed allegiance).
After Livingstone's re-election as a Labour Mayor, the Labour Assembly members declared that they did not consider it appropriate for them, being of the same political party, to hold him to account. This resulted in the Tories and Liberal Democrats agreeing to alternate the Chairmanship and Deputy Chairmanship of the GLA and of some of its committees, between them. This agreement does not extend to policy matters.
==References==
{{reflist}}
-->
==ראו גם==
* [[איגוד העיר לונדון]]
* [[ראש עיריית לונדון]]
* [[הלורד ראש העיר של לונדון]]
* [[רובעי לונדון]]
==קישורים חיצוניים==
*[http://www.london.gov.uk/ אתר רשמי]
*[http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/index.jsp סמכויות הרשות]
*[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snpc-04058.pdf פעילות הרשות, 2005-06] - אתר [[הפרלמנט הבריטי]]
*[http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/london_mayor.html ההיסטוריה של הממשל המקומי בלונדון]
*[http://www.mayorwatch.co.uk מדריך MayorWatch.co.uk לשלטון המקומי בלונדון]
{{לונדון}}
[[קטגוריה:לונדון: ממשל]]
[[en:Greater London Authority]]
[[cs:Greater London Authority]]
[[de:Greater London Authority]]
[[fr:Greater London Authority]]
[[it:Greater London Authority]]
[[no:Greater London Authority]]
[[simple:Greater London Authority]]
[[sr:Управа Ширег Лондона]]
| |||